Virial coefficients are fundamental parameters in the statistical description of fluids, encapsulating the effects of molecular interactions on macroscopic thermodynamic properties. Through the virial ...

One of the challenges in biopharmaceutical development is measuring the 3-d structure of the active protein. The diffraction of X-ray beams through a crystalline structure can be measured to produce a ...

THE second virial coefficient of krypton was determined for temperatures ranging from 109.95° K. to 270.3° K. The experimental technique has been described 1,2; one measures the difference between the ...

This article presents an easy and simple spreadsheet procedure for custody-transfer calculations of the base compressibility factor for any pair of pressure and temperature conditions. The procedure ...

Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a technique used to determine particle size distributions of bioformulations. Traditionally, DLS measurements have been used for studying dilute solutions, but ...