Adolescence is a time of increased risk taking, but do adolescents learn differently from reward and punishment, or from childhood to adoelscence? Source: Cotonbro studio/Pexels This post was written ...

From toddlers' timeouts to criminals' prison sentences, punishment reinforces social norms, making it known that an offender has done something unacceptable. At least, that is usually the intent—but ...

Researchers at Leipzig University have gained important insights into learning mechanisms in the brain of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). In a new study published in the Proceedings of the ...

In psychotic disorders, there is evidence that the striatum might be involved in both positive (eg, Howes and Kapur, 2009) and negative symptoms (eg, Juckel et al, 2006). Given confounds often present ...

Psychostimulants are commonly used as treatments of psychiatric disorders or to improve cognition, but the benefits of these drugs are not the same for everyone, as their effects vary greatly both ...

Central serotonin (5-HT) has been implicated in emotional and behavioral control processes for many decades, but its precise contribution is not well understood. We used the acute tryptophan depletion ...